More and more similarities in patterns are seen in nature. The similarities appear to point to an Intelligent Designer who has left His signature throughout the seen and the unseen MATRIX of the human experience.
•Must generate energy for its own synthesis. This can be seen for glucose, a precursor of HA where the initial energy arises from photosynthesis or from light where HA acts like a molecular heat engine.
•Must be self-assembling, hierarchical, and must show scaffolding properties as suggested by my biomatrixgenesis conjecture
This is the first of a series of personal notes from my lab notebook showing my thinking about the origin of life and how biomatrixgenesis works. My study of NANOBITS at MIT reported as a letter in December, 2005 shows that the self-assembly of HA segments could occur spontaneously and without DNA. My cellular work at Tufts helped prove that chondrogenesis and angiogenesis not only involves binding proteins that recognize HA, but that the motility of cells containing these binding proteins depends on the molecular size of HA. In addition, the extracellular matrix Proteoglycan, aggrecan) was found to consist of HA and modified HA resembling the same tree like structures I found for NANOBITS and HA fragments during dehydration experiments. Finally, The solution and gel work done at NYU Poly supports a dynamic model where fleeting associations of polymer segments could be controlled under physiological conditions by enzymes. Based on my observations and the fact that three different conformations of HA are possible, a dynamic "helix-in-a-helix" model of HA and water, where the citric acid wheel produces ATP, is proposed.
Figure1. Actual nanoscale wheel or turnstile formed from purified hyaluronic acid oligomers. The segments form a hub, which appears hollow. Under hydrated conditions, the hub could serve as a hierarchical engine for the biomatrixgenesis (scale deleted to protect my rights). Interesting, the segmental structures resemble the structures of the acasia tree and the acasia tree seed pods. It appears that biomatrixgenesis occurs in plants and animals as energy is converted to energy storage and transfer device. This information transfer occurs through the entire electromagnetic spectrum, including sound waves. A new book examines Science of Human Energy Fields, Describes Coming Era of Wireless Medicine.
Hyaluronic acid can form three types of double helices under physiological conditions to serve as a scaffold for HA-ice "helix -in-a-helix" nanotubes or matrix for the citric acid cycle.The genesis molecule (or modification of such) is cable of serving as a scaffold for all mammalian life forms life since the initial energy requirement for its synthesis arises from photosynthesis. Plants produce oxygen and glucose, while lightning fixes nitrogen from the air and water gas is the carrier of information. DNA is unique for each species and for each identity. The divine matrix and information transfer from an Intelligent Designer is evident in my opinion. These ideas are being developed over time.
The Role of Hyaluronic Acid in ATP and DNA Synthesis
Figure 1. A working model of HA NANOBITS show that a hexamer is a circular wheel, which can accept nitrogenous bases to generate high energy phosphate bonds, including CTP, GTP, ATP, and TTP. The wheel can also produce the di and mono forms of the nucleotides plus pyrophosphates. The current thinking is that the chain initiation and aggregation occurs when the hexamer and octamer, which contain the 4 nitrogenous bases work in concert.
Unlike DNA where every living creature has a DNA fingerprint, HA is biocompatible across all species. HA can exist in a double helix in three different helical conformations. This ability to shift helical forms means it is more likely capable of supporting the critic acid cycle (energy wheel) than DNA. I believe that the evidence shows that for (GlcUA-GlcNAc)n; n<3 HA are isolated chains and there are no rings. When n=3 to n=6, rings form. It is possible that helices form when n=7 segmental interaction occurs. HA, is a derivative of glucose, which is common to both plants and animals. Sunlight is used to generate glucose in the form of starch from CO2 and H2O. This process gives off oxygen, which is needed by animals to burn the glucose to yield activated acetate for the citric acid cycle. This demonstrates that plants and animals share a common pathway through glucose. In an advance toward understanding the origin of life on Earth, scientists have shown that parts of the Krebs cycle can run in reverse, producing biomolecules that could jump-start life with only sunlight. The citric acid cycle transfers 2 carbon units to 2 and 4 carbon units to generate metabolic intermediates, ATP, CO2, and H2O. The dynamic helices formed by HA in water (4 fold, 3 fold, and 2 fold) make HA ideal for supporting the energy generating critic acid cycle regardless of species. It can be shown that the acetamido group of the glucosamine residue (the nitrogen cascade supplies nitrogen for the nitration of glucose)could extend into the HA inner water helix. This would make the N-acetate group a substrate for the critic acid cycle. One of the products from the cycle, CO2 would then be available to convert glucose to glucuronic acid, the other residue in HA. A working model may explain plasmid DNAs. The HA hexamer, (GlcUA-GlcNAc)n, where n=3, may be the initial engine for biomatrixgenesis given the helical requirements for the citric acid cycle. These results agree with the effects of HA in solution and cellular work. All of the components described above are derived from “the dust of the earth”.
HA circular hubs form a matrix for ATP and DNA synthesis. Click image to see illustration made from one face of a(an) HA single crystal
Hyaluronic acid serves as a scaffold for biomatrixgenesis. The initiation step is believed to be the activation of the tetramer (GlcUA-GlcNAc)2. The addition of a dimer to the tetramer gives the active hexamer. The hexamer serves as a matrix for the synthesis of phosphorylated nitrogenous bases, such as ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP, etc. Each dimer in the hexamer is an entry point or a nitrogenous base at the anomeric carbon atom of the glucuronic acid pyranose ring ether linkage and the phosphate group binds at the C-4 position of the ring. The driving force for the formation of phosphorylated bases appears to be the mobilization of ions, CO2, and protons through the glucuronic acid residue. Water is also formed in the process. While still linked to the hexamer, the activated hexamer can transfer its high energy phosphates to an octamer, which can accommodate all 4 nitrogenous bases of DNA. We have shown that although the octamer is most likely the template for the DNA helix formation, the hexamer is also capable of producing DNA. Most likely, 4 hexamer probably supply one octamer with the energetic phosphates it needs to drive DNA synthesis. In a new cycle, glucosamine becomes acetylated and forms a linkage with another glucose molecule. There is much to learn from these models in creating novel hydrogen and ion fuel cells, which are also biocompatible.
This optical image of a hyaluronic acid fragment is approximately 150 K in molecular size. Notice the hierarchical patterning, polymer knots, and loops. This may be the first time such loops have been demonstrated for hyaluronic acid or any other biological carbohydrate.
Hyaluronic acid oligomers can form polymer knots. The official classification of these carbohydrate knots may be difficult. However, I suspect variations in knot type due to the effect of hydration and chain length on polymer configuration. This realization of knots may contribute to understanding the nature of HA as a biological scaffold. Interlocking polymer segments and ties would be a valuable asset in biomatrixgenesis theory. Such loops could form HA-Ice wheel within a wheel nanotubes suitable for DNA synthesis.
Knots have been found in DNA. There has been work on charged knots, which would be applicable to hyaluronic acid (HA). This may very well be the first time knots have been found in a carbohydrate scaffold found in all life forms. I have incorporated the carbohydrate knot theory into my thinking about biomatrixgenesis. As a result, I claim credit for this discovery.
All components can be regenerated. The glucose converted to energy, water, and carbon dioxide can be reformed by plants. HA can serve as a scaffold (patterns for tissue structure, such as the extracellular matrix, bone, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) HA fills this role as molecular weight dependent carbohydrate nanotubes connected to mini-labs for stem cell genesis. Results show that hyaluronate, unlike the other glycosaminoglycans, is synthesized inside the cell at the plasma membrane and extrudes to the extracellular matrix. This would support my HA-water double helix in a helix conjecture where the inner water helix contains the citric acid cycle. HA 2, 3, and 4 fold helices could then use the energy produced by glucose to basically synthesize itself, a glucose derivative, to serve as the scaffold for its own matrix engineering. The acetyl group and the CO2 groups needed for HA synthesis are within the same matrix. The hub becomes the incubator for the self-assembling of electroconductive microwires. One should also consider the infrared heat signature I see for my dehydrated segments and the published results for HA and HA derivatives.
